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Aluminum - Lithium Alloys
Aluminum-lithium alloys have been developed primarily to reduce the weight of aircraft and aerospace structures. More recently, they have been investigated for use in cryogenic applications.
The major development work began in the 1970-1980, when aluminum producers accelerated the development of aluminum-lithium alloys as replacements for conventional airframe alloys. The lower-density aluminum-lithium alloys were expected to reduce the weight and improve the performance of aircraft.
Commercial aluminum-Lithium Alloys are targeted as advanced materials for aerospace technology primarily because of their low density, high specific modulus, and excellent fatigue and cryogenic toughness properties. The superior fatigue crack propagation resistance of aluminum-lithium alloys, in comparison with that of traditional 2xxx and 7xxx alloys, is primarily due to high levels of crack tip shielding, meandering crack paths, and the resultant roughness-induced crack closure. However, the fact that these alloys derive their superior properties from the above mechanisms has certain implications with respect to small crack and variable-amplitude behavior.
The principal disadvantages of peak-strength aluminum-Lithium Alloys are reduced ductility and fracture toughness in the short transverse direction, anisotropy of in-plane properties, the need for cold work to attain peak properties, and accelerated fatigue crack extension rates when cracks are micro structurally small.
Commercial Aluminum-Lithium Alloys
Development of commercially available aluminum-lithium-base alloys was started by adding lithium to aluminum-copper, aluminum-magnesium, and aluminum-copper-magnesium alloys. These alloys were chosen to superimpose the precipitation-hardening characteristics of aluminum-copper-, aluminum-copper-magnesium-, and aluminum-magnesium-base precipitates to the hardening of lithium-containing precipitates. Proceeding in this manner, alloys 2020 (Al-Cu-Li-Cd), 01429 (Al-Mg-Li), 2090 (Al-Cu-Li), and 2091 and 8090 (Al-Cu-Mg-Li) evolved. Besides these registered alloys, other commercial aluminum-lithium alloys include Weldalite 049 and CP276.
Weldalite 049
Chemical composition: Cu - 5.4, Li - 1.3, Ag - 0.4, Mg - 0.4, Zr - 0.14.
Weldalite 049 shows high strength in variety of products and tempers. Its natural aging response is extremely strong with cold work (temper T3), and even stronger without cold work (T4); in fact, it has a stronger natural aging response than that of any other known aluminum alloy. Weldalite 049 undergoes reversion during the early stages of artificial aging and its ductility increases significantly up to 24%. Tensile strengths of 700 MPa have been attained in both T6 and 18 tempers produced in the laboratory.
Weldalite 049 has very good weldability. For example, it displays no discernable hot cracking in highly restrained weldment made by gas tungsten arc, gas metal arc and variable polarity plasma arc (VPPA) welding. Extremely high weldment strengths have been reported using conventional 2319 filler, and even higher weldment strengths have been obtained with the use of proprietary Weldalite filler.
Alloy 2090
Chemical composition: Cu - 2.7, Li - 2.2, Ag - 0.4, Zr - 0.12.
Alloy 2090 was developed to be a high-strength alloy with 8% lower density and 10% higher elastic modulus than 7075-T6, a major high-strength alloy used in current aircraft structures. Alloy 2090 was registered with the Aluminum Association in 1984. A variety of tempers are being developed to offer useful combinations of strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, damage tolerance, and fabricability.
Because alloy 2090 and its tempers are relatively new and in different phases of registration and characterization, data concerning strength and toughness may be incomplete for some forms.
In general, the engineering characteristics of aluminum-lithium alloys are similar to those of the current 2xxx and 7xxx high-strength alloys used by the aerospace industry. However, some material features of the 2090 products vary somewhat from those of the conventional aluminum alloys and should be considered during the design and material design phase.
These distinct characteristics of 2090 include:
· An in-plane anisotropy of tensile properties that is higher than in conventional alloys.
· An elevated temperature exposure for the peak-aged tempers (T86, T81 and T83) that shows good stability within 10% of original properties.
· Excellent fatigue crack growth behavior.
· The need for cold work to achieve optimum properties. In this characteristic, 2090 is similar to 2219 and 2024.
· Shape-dependent behavior for extrusions with very high strengths.
Alloy 2090 sheet and plate, and 2090-T86 extrusions have demonstrated excellent resistance to exfoliation corrosion in extensive seacoast exposure tests. The resistance of these alloys and tempers is superior to that of 7075-T6, which, in some product forms, can suffer very severe exfoliation during a two-year seacoast exposure.
The stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of 2090 is strongly influenced by artificial aging. Tempers that are under-aged, such as T84, may be more susceptible to SCC than the near-peak-aged T83, T81, and T86 tempers.
Alloy 2091
Chemical composition: Cu - 2.1, Li - 2.0, Zr - 0.10.
Alloy 2091 was developed to be a damage-tolerant alloy with 8% lower density and 1% higher modulus than 2024-T3, a major high-toughness damage-tolerant alloy currently used for most aircraft structures. Alloy 2091 is also suitable for use in secondary structures where high strength is not critical.
Alloy 2091 has been registered with the Aluminum Association. A variety of tempers are being developed to offer useful combinations of strength, corrosion resistance, damage tolerance, and fabricability. The microstructure of 2091 varies according to product thickness and producer; in general, gages above 3.5 mm have an unrecrystallized microstructure, and lighter gages feature an elongated recrystallized grain structure.
In general, the behavior of 2091 is similar to that of other 2xxx and 7xxx alloys. Material characteristics that have been cause for concern in other aluminum-lithium alloys are of less concern in 2091. Alloy 2091 depends less on cold work to attain its properties than does 2024. The properties of 2091 after elevated-temperature (up to 125oC) exposure are relatively stable in that changes in properties during the lifetime of a component are acceptable for most commercial applications.
The exfoliation resistance of 2091-T84, like that of 2024, varies depending on the microstructure of the product and its quench rate. The more unrecrystallized the structure, the more even the exfoliation attack. However, the exfoliation resistance of 2091 is generally comparable to that of similar gages of 2024-T3.
The microstructural relationship for stress-corrosion cracking in sheet products is the converse of that for exfoliation. As the microstructure becomes more fibrous, the SCC threshold increases. For thicker unrecrystallized structures and thinner elongated recrystallized structures, it is possible to attain an SCC threshold of 240 MPa, which is quite good compared to that of 2024-T3. For thinner products, the threshold varies by gage and producer; it may be as low as 50 to 60% of the yield strength or as high as 75% of the yield strength.
Although fatigue testing on 2091 has been done by a number of labs, producers, and users, the results have been difficult to interpret. The results for 2091 have been superior to those for 2024, roughly equivalent to those for 2024, or inferior to those for 2024. In general, the consensus is that under controlled and similar circumstances, the fatigue properties of 2091-T84 are sufficient to allow it to be used as a substitute for 2024.
Alloy 8090
Chemical composition: Li - 2.45, Zr - 0.12, Cu - 1.3, Mg - 0.95.
Alloy 8090 was developed to be a damage-tolerant medium-strength alloy with about 10% lower density and 11% higher modulus than 2024 and 2014, two commonly used aluminum alloys. Its use is aimed at applications where damage tolerance and the lowest possible density are critical. The alloy is available as sheet, plate, extrusions, and forgings and it can also be used for welded applications.
The chemical composition of 8090 has been registered with the Aluminum Association. A variety of tempers have been developed that offer useful combinations of strength, corrosion resistance, damage tolerance, and fabricability.
Because alloy 8090 and its tempers and product forms are relatively new and unregistered, property data are incomplete. The medium-strength products of alloy 8090 are aged to near-peak strength and show small changes in properties after elevated-temperature exposure. The very underaged (damage-tolerant) products will undergo additional aging upon exposure to elevated temperatures.
Changes in strength and toughness at cryogenic temperatures are more pronounced in 8090 than in conventional aluminum alloys : 8090 has a substantially higher strength and toughness at cryogenic temperatures.
The improving quality of commercially available aluminum-lithium alloys such as 8090 has resulted in significant improvements in short-transverse ductility and, consequently, short-transverse tensile strength. Research on the short-transverse fracture toughness of 8090 has shown that the property reaches a minimum plateau at an aging temperature of 190oC. The level of the plateau toughness is affected by impurity content.
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Save money and give yourself a break from the chemicals found in most hair care products by using the following natural home remedies.

Tame your frizzy hair by rubbing coconut oil into your hands and applying sparingly onto your hair. You don't want to overdo it - too much will make your hair look greasy. Shampooing your hair less frequently also helps with the frizzies. Excess shampooing strips natural oils from the hair.

Rinse your hair with baking soda and water to rid your hair of shampoo build-up and styling residues. Rinsing your hair with one juiced lemon and one cup of water is said to bring life and shine back to dull hair. Apple cider vinegar mixed with water will give your hair shine and bounce.

Add essential oil of ylang ylang to your shampoo, conditioner and styling agents as a hair rejuvenator and to stimulate hair growth. Add patchouli to your shampoo if you have oily hair.

Rosemary is an effective hair tonic and conditioner. Rosemary also helps retain color especially in dark hair.

Chamomile and lemon juice have a mild bleaching effect on hair. Mix chamomile tea with lemon juice and use as a rinse to lighten hair.

For problems with dandruff, add rosemary and/or patchouli essential oils to your shampoo or mix with almond oil as a hair treatment for your scalp.

For hair loss, add horseradish oil, cedarwood, clary sage, and/or rosemary oil to your shampoo. Also, Vitamins B, C, F, zinc, iron, copper and protein are essential for hair growth. MSM (Methyl Sulfonyl Methane) is a natural source of organic sulfur good for treating hair loss. Take MSM supplements or eat high sulfur content greens such as kale and watercress.

Drinking plenty of water and eating plenty of raw fruits and vegetables is probably the best way to achieving healthy hair. What goes into your body is reflective on the outside including your hair.

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When considered in the context of the historical human relationship with the sun, the indoor tanning industry is truly in its infancy. Unlike today when a pale face is often considered a sign of failing health, a pale complexion used to be considered a status symbol of wealth, power, and wisdom.

Evidence of this can be clearly seen throughout time and across cultures. The women of ancient Greece and Rome used lead-based cosmetics to lighten their complexions. Modern-day Japanese geishas continue the tradition of their forebears by wearing white makeup. In Elizabethan England, women actually used to paint faint blue lines on their faces to lend a translucent quality to their complexions. Even the belles of America's South wouldn't step one foot outside during daylight hours without their trusty parasols.

The preoccupation with pale shifted dramatically in the mid-1920s when French designer Coco Chanel sported a golden bronze tan at a fashion show after cruising from Paris to Cannes. Around the same time, Josephine Baker, an African American singer from St. Louis, Missouri, was taking France by storm. Star-struck fashionistas, in an attempt to emulate Chanel and Baker, began a love affair with the sun-kissed look that continues today.

Just as the golden glow can trace its roots to Europe, so too can indoor tanning. The first indoor tanning equipment was developed in Europe as a means to treat medical disorders. Unfortunately, those early tanning bed lamps emitted harmful ultraviolet B (UV light, resulting in poor results and potentially dangerous burns.

In 1972, West German scientist Friedrich Wolff altered the wavelength of the light spectrum and was able to isolate ultraviolet A (UVA) rays. Unlike UVB rays, the long wavelength UVA rays produced tanning rather than burns. After spending three years developing this new technology, indoor tanning was introduced in Europe where it gained immediate acceptance.

In 1978, Wolff's tanning bed lamp technology was incorporated into the design and manufacture of commercial tanning beds in the United States. The popularity of indoor tanning and the use of both commercial and residential tanning beds continues to grow at a tremendous clip.

According to the Indoor Tanning Industry, there are approximately 25,000 indoor tanning facilities throughout the United States that employ 160,000 people and contribute $5 billion to the U.S. economy annually.

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So what’s a PowerSeller? PowerSellers are the people on eBay who’ve made it, recognisable by the little ‘PowerSeller’ badge next to their name. You’ve probably seen these people around – and to succeed on eBay, you want to think the way they do.

How to People Get the Right to Call Themselves PowerSellers?

eBay gets to decide who can be a PowerSeller and who can’t, and they have strict requirements. To get in at the minimum PowerSeller level, you must have a feedback rating of at least 100 (minimum 98% positive) and sell at least $1,000 worth of items every month for three months in a row. There are different levels of PowerSeller membership as you sell items of greater value: $1,000 total is bronze, $3,000 is silver, $10,000 is gold, $25,000 is platinum and $125,000 is titanium.

If PowerSellers ever fail to meet the required amount of sales, or their feedback falls below 98% positive, then they lose their PowerSeller status. In short, the only people who get to be PowerSellers on eBay are the people who have been successful for a good while, and are on track to stay that way.

The Shop and the Marketplace.

This is the most important part of understanding how PowerSellers think. They don’t see what they’re doing as being some random bazaar, or a hobby – instead, they see themselves as a business.

Put it like this. If you run a stall in a marketplace, the chances are that you have a general area of business, but you mostly just sell whatever you can get your hands on that week. If your dodgy buddy got his hands of a job lot of something at a discount, then that’s what you’ll be selling. This might be fun – and when you have a good week, you’ll have a really good week – but it’s no way to run a real business in the long-term.

PowerSellers think far more like shops. They sell the same things again and again, every week – regular stock for regular customers. They do ‘boring’ business things like keep inventories and budgets. They know what they’re going to be selling, how much they buy it for and how much they expect to sell for. Just like a real shop, there can be hard times sometimes, but their income is stable and their business can grow slowly.

The best advice I can give you on thinking like a PowerSeller is this: don’t take long-term risks for short-term gain. Look after your reputation, manage your selling properly, provide good customer service and the rewards will come to you in due course. And you’ll get a little badge next to your name that makes people trust you more!

One possibility that you might have realised so far is what eBay can do for any other businesses you might have. Remember, millions of people visit eBay every day – why

keep everything separate when you’re starting to tap into that kind of power? The next email will show you a few ways you can use eBay to grow your other businesses.

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Colours, Shapes and Sizes Make for Different Types of Goldfish

The types of goldfish vary, and the characteristics that make this diversity evident are recognized in their scale colouring, the shape and size of the Gold fish, the look of their tails, and of course, by their different names. Nevertheless, regardless of how one goldfish may look, or if it has a different title from the next, all goldfish come from the same family, originating from the gibel carp found in the streams of China.
The only reason why there are so many unique looking types of goldfish is because they have been purposely bread to look different.
Why? It may or may not come as a surprise to you but appearance matters to goldfish enthusiasts, and may be something you will want to consider yourself when looking at the types of goldfish that are available on the market.
For instance, did you know that goldfish are available in more colours than just Gold? In fact, there are goldfish that are coloured yellow, red, bronze, blue and even black! What’s more is there are some goldfish that have a mixture of colours in their scales. However, although goldfish scales can come in more than one shade, hue, or splash of colour, many types of goldfish are also categorized by their tails.
There are four types of goldfish tail categories that you can consider when selecting your goldfish. The four categories include the single tailed, double tailed, double tailed without dorsal fin, and the double tailed with dorsal fin. While each type of goldfish in these categories has differences within their own groups based on their colour, body and fin size, the one feature which remains constant within their grouping is their shape. Take for example the single tailed goldfish, which has three goldfish within its category: Comets, Commons and Shubunkins. Although each of these types of goldfish has a slender body shape, Comets generally have gold scales and a long single fin tail, whereas the Shubunkins is bigger in size, and has calico coloured (a mix of violet, orange red and black) scales.
Aside from these noted differences, you will discover that the single tailed goldfish, as well as the double tailed goldfish, share the same slender body shape characteristic; while both the double tailed goldfish with the dorsal fin and those without, feature an egg shaped body. Moreover, the double tailed with the dorsal fin, and those double tailed without the dorsal fin are unique types of goldfish that have exotic characteristics. Some of these characteristics include a wen (head growth) seen in the Oranda and Pearlscale goldfish, and telescope eyes, as seen in the Telescope and Moors goldfish.
As you can see, there are many aspects to consider when it comes to choosing from the different available types of goldfish. Just remember, depending on the fish you want, certain care methods will be required that are based on different characteristics for each of the goldfish types.

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The types of goldfish vary, and the characteristics that make this diversity evident are recognized in their scale colouring, the shape and size of the Gold fish, the look of their tails, and of course, by their different names. Nevertheless, regardless of how one goldfish may look, or if it has a different title from the next, all goldfish come from the same family, originating from the gibel carp found in the streams of China.
The only reason why there are so many unique looking types of goldfish is because they have been purposely bread to look different.
Why? It may or may not come as a surprise to you but appearance matters to goldfish enthusiasts, and may be something you will want to consider yourself when looking at the types of gold fish that are available on the market.
For instance, did you know that goldfish are available in more colours than just Gold? In fact, there are goldfish that are coloured yellow, red, bronze, blue and even black! What’s more is there are some goldfish that have a mixture of colours in their scales. However, although goldfish scales can come in more than one shade, hue, or splash of colour, many types of goldfish are also categorized by their tails.
There are four types of goldfish tail categories that you can consider when selecting your goldfish. The four categories include the single tailed, double tailed, double tailed without dorsal fin, and the double tailed with dorsal fin. While each type of goldfish in these categories has differences within their own groups based on their colour, body and fin size, the one feature which remains constant within their grouping is their shape. Take for example the single tailed goldfish, which has three goldfish within its category: Comets, Commons and Shubunkins. Although each of these types of goldfish has a slender body shape, Comets generally have gold scales and a long single fin tail, whereas the Shubunkins is bigger in size, and has calico coloured (a mix of violet, orange red and black) scales.
Aside from these noted differences, you will discover that the single tailed goldfish, as well as the double tailed goldfish, share the same slender body shape characteristic; while both the double tailed goldfish with the dorsal fin and those without, feature an egg shaped body. Moreover, the double tailed with the dorsal fin, and those double tailed without the dorsal fin are unique types of goldfish that have exotic characteristics. Some of these characteristics include a wen (head growth) seen in the Oranda and Pearlscale goldfish, and telescope eyes, as seen in the Telescope and Moors goldfish.
As you can see, there are many aspects to consider when it comes to choosing from the different available types of goldfish. Just remember, depending on the fish you want, certain care methods will be required that are based on different characteristics for each of the goldfish types.

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Silver and Gold
If ever there was a time to repent of your sins and accept Jesus as Lord, today is the day. The financial world is lieing to all. They are saying that this world is in great shape. China and the United States are spending money like there is no tomorrow. Both are becoming broke.
[CNN; Bush's proposed Pentagon budget for the fiscal year that began October 1 is $419 billion, not including as much as $50 billion that Congress is likely to add to pay for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and against terror worldwide (Babylon?). He mentioned no budget figures, but the U.S. Defense Department has earlier said China might be spending $90 billion on defense this year -- three times the announced total.(Gog and Maygog?)] [''People should not be forced out their homes at the will of any private development,'' said Sen. Kit Bond, R-Mo., The Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in June that local governments could take homes for private development projects that generate jobs and tax revenue.]
Psa 146:3-5 put not your trust in princes, or in the son of man, in whom there is no help. His breath goeth forth, he returneth to his earth; in that very day his thoughts perish. Happy is he that hath the God of Jacob for his help, whose hope is in the LORD his God:
We hear lie after lie concerning the financial positions of not only this country but all. This is one of the things that the anti-christ will use to get the world to trust in Him. Many today are wanting signs from God that His word is true, but, He has showed you signs and wonders, time and time again. Floods, earthquakes, fires, Hurricanes, Tsunamis, signs in the heavens, but still people are blinded by what they do see. Science is blinding people to the truth, always coming up with some logical reason for each and every catastrophe. We have seen man at his best and at his worst. Can you not see, that man cannot handel all these catastrophes, money is becoming tighter and tighter. You cannot put your trust in man and his money.
Isa 2:19-22 And they shall go into the holes of the rocks, and into the caves of the earth, for fear of the LORD, and for the glory of his majesty, when he ariseth to shake terribly the earth.
In that day a man shall cast his idols of silver, and his idols of gold, which they made each one for himself to worship, to the moles and to the bats; To go into the clefts of the rocks, and into the tops of the ragged rocks, for fear of the LORD, and for the glory of his majesty, when he ariseth to shake terribly the earth. Cease ye from man, whose breath is in his nostrils: for wherein is he to be accounted of ?
Who is man that you can put your trust in? Where is it stated that this world will last forever? Where is it stated that your savings will be there when you need it? No where. There is no guarantee for tomorrow. Just look at the news here lately, Company after company are taking the benefits and retirement away from there employees, a man who has worked for 25 or even 30 years for his retirement, loses all and has to start over again. The rich getting richer and the poor are paying the bill. Cease ye from man, whose breath is in his nostrils: for wherein is he to be accounted of ? Think, Think about what is going on, think about the prophecys of the Bible, Think about your future in eternity. There is no such thing as ”Social Security”, who can guarentee your future?
(Barnes)A man shall cast ... - That is, “all” who have idols, or who have been trusting in them. Valuable as they may be - made of gold and silver; and much as he may “now” rely on them or worship them, yet he shall then see their vanity, and shall cast them into dark, obscure places, or holes, where are moles and bats.
Isa 31:7-9; For in that day every man shall cast away his idols of silver, and his idols of gold, which your own hands have made unto you for a sin. Then shall the Assyrian fall with the sword, not of a mighty man; and the sword, not of a mean man, shall devour him: but he shall flee from the sword, and his young men shall be discomfited. And he shall pass over to his strong hold for fear, and his princes shall be afraid of the ensign, saith the LORD, whose fire is in Zion, and his furnace in Jerusalem.
The destruction of Babylon is simple enough. Rev 18:16-19; And saying, Alas, alas, that great city, that was clothed in fine linen, and purple, and scarlet, and decked with gold, and precious stones, and pearls! For in one hour so great riches is come to nought. And every shipmaster, and all the gold process company in ships, and sailors, and as many as trade by sea, stood afar off, And cried when they saw the smoke of her burning, saying, What city is like unto this great city! And they cast dust on their heads, and cried, weeping and wailing, saying, Alas, alas, that great city, wherein were made rich all that had ships in the sea by reason of her costliness! for in one hour is she made desolate.
The idea that Silver and Gold will continue to be of great price is a deception that many are believeing. When just the debt of this country is over $7,000,000,000,000, where will the rest of the world be in the next couple of years? Who are we to turn to, who are we to trust? Each day the debt grows and grows around the world. Do you really believe that things can continue on.
There are going to be great wars coming. The anti-christ will rise up, He will make war and He will decieve the world into thinking He has all the worlds problems solved. Do you really want to put your trust in man and Silver and Gold ?

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The conservatory is a popular addition to homes around the world and in particular in colder climates. Conservatories began their existence in the 1700s as Dutch farmers looked to find ways of protecting their plants during the colder winter months. These early greenhouse structures evolved not only into the common garden greenhouse but also the conservatories we see today. The original concept in all probability did not have in mind the idea of creating a transitional space between the dwelling and the out of doors. Of course the initial idea behind those who created the first versions of conservatories was to provide a means to prolong the life of plants during the chill of the northern European winter months.
Today the equivalent commercial greenhouses are typically made of aluminium, whilst the manufacture of aluminium has been slow to progress. However, in recent years as technology has progressed, aluminium conservatories have become a serious rival to the PVCu conservatories so popular since the 1970s. The New Generation Aluminium conservatory has a strong slim frame which lends itself perfectly to the sleek lines and rectangular design of Edwardian conservatories.
The modern aluminium can compete against the major strengths of its PVCu rival and indeed the finishes are so advanced these days the timber conservatories are also threatened. A major consideration is security and this is one area that aluminium comes out on top over PVCu. Aluminium frames do not need the large expansion gaps that PVCu frames have and which can be a weak point vulnerable to a would be intruder.
In the main, aluminium conservatories are versatile, strong and durable as an extension to the home. The increasing popularity has meant that in recent years it is much easier to find a capable supplier and builder that can readily construct a versatile and durable aluminium conservatory. By working with the most reliable people in the task of designing and building an aluminium conservatory, it is possible to create a spectacular addition to the home that will solidly stand the test of time. Although it could be argued that a conservatories looks it best when made of timber, there can be no doubt that the aluminium version is preferable to the PVCu conservatories that became so popular towards the end of the twentieth century.
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